![]() Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors. ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated. ![]() ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton. The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins.
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